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Modular multiplicative inverse : ウィキペディア英語版
Modular multiplicative inverse

In modular arithmetic, the modular multiplicative inverse of an integer ''a'' modulo ''m'' is an integer ''x'' such that
:a\,x \equiv 1 \pmod.
That is, it is the multiplicative inverse in the ring of integers modulo ''m'', denoted \mathbb_m.
Once defined, ''x'' may be noted a^, where the fact that the inversion is m-modular is implicit.
The multiplicative inverse of ''a'' modulo ''m'' exists if and only if ''a'' and ''m'' are coprime (i.e., if ).〔.〕 If the modular multiplicative inverse of ''a'' modulo ''m'' exists, the operation of division by ''a'' modulo ''m'' can be defined as multiplying by the inverse of ''a'', which is in essence the same concept as division in the field of reals.
==Example==

Suppose we wish to find modular multiplicative inverse ''x'' of 3 modulo 11.
:x \equiv 3^ \pmod
This is the same as finding ''x'' such that
:3x \equiv 1 \pmod
Working in \mathbb_ we find one value of ''x'' that satisfies this congruence is 4 because
:3 (4) = 12 \equiv 1 \pmod
and there are no other values of ''x'' in \mathbb_ that satisfy this congruence. Therefore, the modular multiplicative inverse of 3 modulo 11 is 4.
Once found the inverse of 3 in \mathbb_, other values of ''x'' in \mathbb can be found that also satisfy the congruence. They may be found by adding multiples of to the found inverse. Generalizing, all possible ''x'' for this example can be formed from
:4 + (11 \cdot z ), z \in \mathbb
yielding .

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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